Bipolar Disorder: Recent Issues in Diagnosis and Classification

Recent findings in the diagnosis, classification, and epidemiology of bipolar disorder are reviewed.Specific bipolar subtypes are delineated. A number of key diagnostic issues that have implicationsfor correctly establishing the diagnosis or for determining optimal treatment approaches are discussed.The epidemiology of comorbid substance abuse and bipolar disorder is reviewed as is thesignificance of this comorbidity vis-× -vis presenting symptoms, treatment, and outcome. The differentialdiagnosis between so-called mixed states and agitated depressed is reviewed, and the potentialsignificance of comorbid bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is discussed.