New Developments in Addiction Treatment.

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George F. Koob, Ph.D., began his presentation by identifying the neurobiology of addiction as the conceptual framework necessary to understand the medications developed for substance dependence. From this perspective, addiction may include positive and negative reinforcement as motivation for drug-seeking behavior, which may become exacerbated with the severity of the addiction.1 For example, impulse- control disorders are motivated by positive reinforcement—feeling tension and arousal, completing the impulsive act, receiving immediate gratification, experiencing guilt or reproach, then starting the cycle over..