This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

  1. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  2. PsyQ Haaglanden, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
  3. Corresponding author: J. K. E. Veraart, MD, Mangostraat 1, 2552 KS, The Hague, The Netherlands ([email protected]).
  4. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  5. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  6. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  7. Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  8. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  9. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
  10. University of Groningen, Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Groningen, the Netherlands
  1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905–1917. PubMed CrossRef
  2. Zajecka JM, Zajecka AM. A clinical overview of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: pharmacological profile, efficacy, safety/tolerability, and strategies for successful outcomes in the management of major depressive disorders. Psych Ann. 2014;44(11):513–523. CrossRef
  3. Shulman KI, Herrmann N, Walker SE. Current place of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(10):789–797. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004;10(4):239–248. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Han Y, Chen J, Zou D, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2859–2867. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Kishimoto T, Chawla JM, Hagi K, et al. Single-dose infusion ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists for unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of efficacy, safety and time trajectories. Psychol Med. 2016;46(7):1459–1472. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Kryst J, Kawalec P, Mitoraj AM, et al. Efficacy of single and repeated administration of ketamine in unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep. 2020;72(3):543–562. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al; American Psychiatric Association (APA) Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments. A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399–405. PubMed CrossRef
  9. López-Díaz Á, Murillo-Izquierdo M, Moreno-Mellado E. Off-label use of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression in clinical practice: European perspective. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215(2):447–448. PubMed CrossRef
  10. Stack CG, Rogers P, Linter SP. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and anaesthesia. a review. Br J Anaesth. 1988;60(2):222–227. PubMed CrossRef
  11. Veraart JKE, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Bakker IM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interactions between ketamine and psychiatric medications used in the treatment of depression: a systematic review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;24(10):808–831. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Katz RB, Toprak M, Wilkinson ST, et al. Concurrent use of ketamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression: a letter to the editor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2018;54:62–64. PubMed CrossRef
  13. Brown C, Taniguchi G, Yip K. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor-tyramine interaction. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29(6):529–532. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Suleiman Z, Ik K, Bo B. Evaluation of the cardiovascular stimulation effects after induction of anaesthesia with ketamine. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2012;2(1):38–52. PubMed
  15. Amargós-Bosch M, López-Gil X, Artigas F, et al. Clozapine and olanzapine, but not haloperidol, suppress serotonin efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex elicited by phencyclidine and ketamine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(5):565–573. PubMed CrossRef
  16. Tso MM, Blatchford KL, Callado LF, et al. Stereoselective effects of ketamine on dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline release and uptake in rat brain slices. Neurochem Int. 2004;44(1):1–7. PubMed CrossRef
  17. Nishimura M, Sato K. Ketamine stereoselectively inhibits rat dopamine transporter. Neurosci Lett. 1999;274(2):131–134. PubMed CrossRef
  18. Bartova L, Vogl SE, Stamenkovic M, et al. Combination of intravenous S-ketamine and oral tranylcypromine in treatment-resistant depression: a report of two cases. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(11):2183–2184. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Bruce DL, Capan L. Antidepressants do not increase the lethality of ketamine in mice. Br J Anaesth. 1983;55(5):457–459. PubMed CrossRef
  20. Doherty T, Wajs E, Melkote R, et al. Cardiac safety of esketamine nasal spray in treatment-resistant depression: results from the clinical development program. CNS Drugs. 2020;34(3):299–310. PubMed CrossRef
  21. Riva-Posse P, Reiff CM, Edwards JA, et al. Blood pressure safety of subanesthetic ketamine for depression: a report on 684 infusions. J Affect Disord. 2018;236:291–297. PubMed CrossRef
  22. Szarmach J, Cubała WJ, Włodarczyk A, et al. Metabolic risk factors and cardiovascular safety in ketamine use for treatment resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:2539–2551. PubMed CrossRef
  23. McIntyre RS, Rodrigues NB, Lee Y, et al. The effectiveness of repeated intravenous ketamine on depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and functional disability in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:903–910. PubMed CrossRef
  24. Popova V, Daly EJ, Trivedi M, et al. Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized double-blind active-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(6):428–438. PubMed CrossRef
  25. JBI. Critical Appraisal Tools. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. Accessed January 10, 2022.
  26. Can AT, Hermens DF, Dutton M, et al. Low dose oral ketamine treatment in chronic suicidality: an open-label pilot study. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):101. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Cusin C, Ionescu DF, Pavone KJ, et al. Ketamine augmentation for outpatients with treatment-resistant depression: preliminary evidence for two-step intravenous dose escalation. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(1):55–64. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Ionescu DF, Bentley KH, Eikermann M, et al. Repeat-dose ketamine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression with chronic suicidal ideation: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:516–524. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Ritter P, Findeis H, Bauer M. Ketamine in the treatment of depressive episodes. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2020;53(2):45–50. PubMed CrossRef
  30. Rotroff DM, Corum DG, Motsinger-Reif A, et al. Metabolomic signatures of drug response phenotypes for ketamine and esketamine in subjects with refractory major depressive disorder: new mechanistic insights for rapid acting antidepressants. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(9):e894. PubMed CrossRef
  31. Bartova L, Vogl S, Stamenkovic M, et al. Intravenous administration of S-ketamine in a severely depressed treatment-resistant patient receiving tranylcypromine: a case report. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(suppl):351. CrossRef
  32. Bartova L, Weidenauer A, Dold M, et al. Robust antidepressant effect following alternating intravenous racemic ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression. J ECT. 2017;33(3):e31–e32. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Bottemanne H, Bonnard E, Claret A, et al. Ketamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitor combination: utility, safety, efficacy? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;40(6):636–638. PubMed CrossRef
  34. Doyle DJ. Ketamine induction and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Anesth. 1990;2(5):324–325. PubMed CrossRef
  35. Dunner DL, Fugate RM, Demopulos CM. Safety and efficacy of esketamine nasal spray in a depressed patient who was being treated with tranylcypromine: a case report. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2020;36:30–31. CrossRef
  36. Kallmünzer B, Volbers B, Karthaus A, et al. Treatment escalation in patients not responding to pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electro-convulsive therapy: experiences from a novel regimen using intravenous S-ketamine as add-on therapy in treatment-resistant depression. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2016;123(5):549–552. PubMed CrossRef
  37. Lu BY, Agapoff JR, Olson DJ, et al. Rapid and sustained improvement in treatment-refractory depression through use of acute intravenous ketamine and concurrent transdermal selegiline: a case series. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:40–42. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Ludwig VM, Sauer C, Young AH, et al. Cardiovascular effects of combining subcutaneous or intravenous esketamine and the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine for the treatment of depression: a retrospective cohort study. CNS Drugs. 2021;35(8):881–892. PubMed CrossRef
  39. Szymkowicz SM, Finnegan N, Dale RM. A 12-month naturalistic observation of three patients receiving repeat intravenous ketamine infusions for their treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):416–420. PubMed CrossRef
  40. Wang JCC, Swainson J. The concurrent treatment with intravenous ketamine and an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor for treatment-resistant depression without hypertensive crises. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;40(5):515–517. PubMed CrossRef
  41. Wink LK, O’Melia AM, Shaffer RC, et al. Intranasal ketamine treatment in an adult with autism spectrum disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):835–836. PubMed CrossRef
  42. Zigman D, Blier P. Urgent ketamine infusion rapidly eliminated suicidal ideation for a patient with major depressive disorder: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(2):270–272. PubMed CrossRef
  43. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl 20):22–33, quiz 34–57. PubMed
  44. Levine J, Schooler NR. SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1986;22(2):343–381. PubMed
  45. Glue P, Russell B, Medlicott NJ. Influence of formulation and route of administration on ketamine’s safety and tolerability: systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;77(5):671–676. PubMed CrossRef
  46. Loo CK, Gálvez V, O’Keefe E, et al. Placebo-controlled pilot trial testing dose titration and intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for ketamine in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;134(1):48–56. PubMed CrossRef
  47. Zhou YL, Liu WJ, Wang CY, et al. Cardiovascular effects of repeated subanaesthetic ketamine infusion in depression. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35(2):159–167. PubMed CrossRef
  48. Van Bortel LM, Spek JJ. Influence of aging on arterial compliance. J Hum Hypertens. 1998;12(9):583–586. PubMed CrossRef
  49. Liebe T, Li S, Lord A, et al. Factors influencing the cardiovascular response to subanesthetic ketamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;20(11):909–918. PubMed CrossRef
  50. Kim CH, Hahn MK, Joung Y, et al. A polymorphism in the norepinephrine transporter gene alters promoter activity and is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(50):19164–19169. PubMed CrossRef
  51. Fonkoue IT, Marvar PJ, Norrholm S, et al. Symptom severity impacts sympathetic dysregulation and inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain Behav Immun. 2020;83:260–269. PubMed CrossRef
  52. Martin DC, Introna RP, Aronstam RS. Inhibition of neuronal 5-HT uptake by ketamine, but not halothane, involves disruption of substrate recognition by the transporter. Neurosci Lett. 1990;112(1):99–103. PubMed CrossRef
  53. Yamamoto S, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, et al. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine transiently decrease serotonin transporter activity: a PET study in conscious monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(13):2666–2674. PubMed CrossRef
  54. Yamanaka H, Yokoyama C, Mizuma H, et al. A possible mechanism of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum 5-HT1B receptors underlying the antidepressant action of ketamine: a PET study with macaques. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4(1):e342. PubMed CrossRef
  55. Barann M, Stamer UM, Lyutenska M, et al. Effects of opioids on human serotonin transporters. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2015;388(1):43–49. PubMed CrossRef
  56. Pham TH, Mendez-David I, Defaix C, et al. Ketamine treatment involves medial prefrontal cortex serotonin to induce a rapid antidepressant-like activity in BALB/cJ mice. Neuropharmacology. 2017;112(Pt A):198–209. PubMed CrossRef
  57. Zhao Y, Sun L. Antidepressants modulate the in vitro inhibitory effects of propofol and ketamine on norepinephrine and serotonin transporter function. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(11):1264–1269. PubMed CrossRef
  58. Spies M, James GM, Berroterán-Infante N, et al. Assessment of ketamine binding of the serotonin transporter in humans with positron emission tomography. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21(2):145–153. PubMed CrossRef
  59. Ochs-Ross R, Daly EJ, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of esketamine nasal spray plus an oral antidepressant in elderly patients with treatment-resistant depression-TRANSFORM-3. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(2):121–141. PubMed CrossRef
  60. Daly EJ, Singh JB, Fedgchin M, et al. Efficacy and safety of intranasal esketamine adjunctive to oral antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(2):139–148. PubMed CrossRef
  61. Daly EJ, Trivedi MH, Janik A, et al. Efficacy of esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant treatment for relapse prevention in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(9):893–903. PubMed CrossRef
  62. Fedgchin M, Trivedi M, Daly EJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose esketamine nasal spray combined with a new oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: results of a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study (TRANSFORM-1). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;22(10):616–630. PubMed CrossRef
  63. Spravato Medication Guide. Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies; 2019.
  64. López-Díaz Á, Rendón de Lope L, de la Vega Sánchez D. Patterns of use, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: Towards registry-based surveillance systems. J Affect Disord. 2022;297:145–147. PubMed CrossRef
  65. McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD, Nemeroff CB, et al. Synthesizing the evidence for ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: an international expert opinion on the available evidence and implementation. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(5):383–399. PubMed CrossRef
  66. Short B, Dong V, Gálvez V, et al. Development of the Ketamine Side Effect Tool (KSET). J Affect Disord. 2020;266:615–620. PubMed CrossRef
  67. Singh I, Morgan C, Curran V, et al. Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(5):419–426. PubMed CrossRef