Sex and Psychiatry in the Next 5 Years

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The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report "Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?"¹ answers the question in its title with a resounding sex matters at the cellular level. The IOM report authors1,2 used the term sex to designate genetic and biological phenomena linked to having the XX or XY chromosomal complement. The reproductive hormonal milieu is an example of the distinction between males and females; however, the effects of sex extend well beyond the reproductive system.