Back to top Open menu arrow
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

The Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry
Access icon

This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

  1. Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  2. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  3. Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  4. Corresponding author: Ahmed N. Hassan, MD, FRCPC, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes St, Third floor, M6J 1H4, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ([email protected]).
  5. Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  6. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  7. Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  8. Department of Family and Community Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  1. Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, et al. Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):247–257. PubMed CrossRef
  2. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011;106(5):906–914. PubMed CrossRef
  3. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):807–816. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Lejoyeux M, Lehert P. Alcohol-use disorders and depression: results from individual patient data meta-analysis of the acamprosate-controlled studies. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46(1):61–67. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Quello SB, Brady KT, Sonne SC. Mood disorders and substance use disorder: a complex comorbidity. Sci Pract Perspect. 2005;3(1):13–21. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Davis L, Uezato A, Newell JM, et al. Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21(1):14–18. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):260–266. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Flensborg-Madsen T, Mortensen EL, Knop J, et al. Comorbidity and temporal ordering of alcohol use disorders and other psychiatric disorders: results from a Danish register-based study. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50(4):307–314. PubMed CrossRef
  9. Gage SH, Hickman M, Heron J, et al. Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122896. PubMed CrossRef
  10. Anderson HO, Libby AM. Depression with and without comorbid substance dependence in a child welfare sample of young adults. Depress Res Treat. 2011;2011:475248. PubMed CrossRef
  11. Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(3–4):194–205. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Andrews SB, Normand J, Lempert RO, et al. Under the Influence? 48. Drugs and the American Work Force; 1995.
  13. Balsa AI, Giuliano LM, French MT. The effects of alcohol use on academic achievement in high school. Econ Educ Rev. 2011;30(1):1–15. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang G-J, et al. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results of imaging studies and treatment implications. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(11):1575–1579. PubMed CrossRef
  15. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):363–371. PubMed CrossRef
  16. Zakiniaeiz Y, Scheinost D, Seo D, et al. Cingulate cortex functional connectivity predicts future relapse in alcohol dependent individuals. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;13:181–187. PubMed CrossRef
  17. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Psiquiatr Biol. 2010;17(2):71–80. CrossRef
  18. Martinez P, Lien L, Zemore S, et al. Circulating cytokine levels are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety among people with alcohol and drug use disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;17(2):71–80. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Vargas HO, Nunes SOV, de Castro MRP, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers are associated with depression and nicotine dependence. Neurosci Lett. 2013;544:136–140. PubMed CrossRef
  20. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, et al. Sociodemographic and psychopathologic predictors of first incidence of DSM-IV substance use, mood and anxiety disorders: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14(11):1051–1066. PubMed CrossRef
  21. Keyes KM, Allel K, Staudinger UM, et al. Alcohol Consumption Predicts Incidence of Depressive Episodes across 10 Years among Older Adults in 19 Countries. Vol. 148. 1st ed. Elsevier Inc.; 2019.
  22. Kenneson A, Funderburk JS, Maisto SA. Substance use disorders increase the odds of subsequent mood disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;133(2):338–343. PubMed CrossRef
  23. Schoeler T, Theobald D, Pingault JB, et al. Developmental sensitivity to cannabis use patterns and risk for major depressive disorder in mid-life: findings from 40 years of follow-up. Psychol Med. 2018;48(13):2169–2176. PubMed CrossRef
  24. Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1):39–47. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27–33. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1132–1136. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Straus MA. Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactics (CT) scales. J Marriage Fam. 1979;41(1):75–88. CrossRef
  28. Keyes KM, Eaton NR, Krueger RF, et al. Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(2):107–115. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Allison PD. Event history and survival analysis. In: Hancock GR, Stapleton LM, Mueller RO, eds The Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Routledge; 2019.
  30. Peters AT, Shankman SA, Deckersbach T, et al. Predictors of first-episode unipolar major depression in individuals with and without sub-threshold depressive symptoms: a prospective, population-based study. Psychiatry Res. 2015;230(2):150–156. PubMed CrossRef
  31. Bittner A, Goodwin RD, Wittchen HU, et al. What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(5):618–626, quiz 730. PubMed CrossRef
  32. Brooks JM, Petersen C, Kelly SM, et al. Likelihood of depressive symptoms in US older adults by prescribed opioid potency: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2013. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(10):1481–1489. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Wang J, Patten SB. Prospective study of frequent heavy alcohol use and the risk of major depression in the Canadian general population. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15(1):42–45. PubMed CrossRef
  34. Langbehn DR, Philibert R, Caspers KM, et al. Association of a D2S2944 allele with depression specifically among those with substance abuse or antisocial personality. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;83(1):33–41. PubMed CrossRef
  35. Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zuo L, et al. CHRM2 gene predisposes to alcohol dependence, drug dependence and affective disorders: results from an extended case-control structured association study. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14(16):2421–2434. PubMed CrossRef
  36. Wang JC, Hinrichs AL, Stock H, et al. Evidence of common and specific genetic effects: association of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene with alcohol dependence and major depressive syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13(17):1903–1911. PubMed CrossRef
  37. Fu Q, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, et al. Shared genetic risk of major depression, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence: contribution of antisocial personality disorder in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(12):1125–1132. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Ducci F, Goldman D. The genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(2):495–519. PubMed CrossRef
  39. Ducci F, Goldman D. The genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(2):495–519. PubMed CrossRef
  40. Dakwar E, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, et al. A comparison of independent depression and substance-induced depression in cannabis-, cocaine-, and opioid-dependent treatment seekers. Am J Addict. 2011;20(5):441–446. PubMed CrossRef
  41. Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, van den Brink W, et al. Alcohol use disorders and the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(6):476–484. PubMed CrossRef
  42. Jaffee WB, Griffin ML, Gallop R, et al. Depression precipitated by alcohol use in patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(2):171–176. PubMed CrossRef

Save Save

Share Share

Cite Cite

Read the Current Issue

Vol 85, 2024 3

Can Our Collective Experiences As Clinicians Improve Mental Health Care?

SSRI Discontinuation and AUD Relapse

Reproductive Pharmacovigilance and Best Practices

Olanzapine and Mirtazapine for Cancer-Related Anorexia

Economic Impact of Cognitive Impairment and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Functional Unblinding in Pivotal Studies and the Future of Psychedelic Medicine
View current Issue

Celebrating
85 Years

Read the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Subscribe to read
more articles

Subscribe