This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
  2. Corresponding Author: 15 Parkman St, WACC 812, Boston, MA 02114 ([email protected]).
  3. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
  4. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
  1. Georg E. Stern Ludwig. Papyros Ebers: das Hermetische Buch u¨ber die Arzneimittel der alten A¨gypter in hieratischer Schrift. Engelmann; 1875.
  2. Ebbell B. The Papyrus Ebers: The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document. Levin & Munksgaard; 1937.
  3. World Health Organization. Scurvy and Its Prevention and Control in Major Emergencies Tech Rep. World Health Organization; 1999.
  4. Hodges RE, Hood J, Canham JE, et al. Clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid deficiency in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971;24(4):432–443. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Combs GF, McClung JP. Vitamin C in The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017:267–295.
  6. Lind J. A Treatise on the Scurvy. Sands, Murray, and Cochran; 1757.
  7. Martini E. How did Vasco da Gama sail for 16 weeks without developing scurvy? Lancet. 2003;361(9367):1480. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Ravenstein Ernst Georg. A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499. Hakluyt Society; 2017.
  9. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. The National Academies Press; 2000.
  10. Magiorkinis E, Beloukas A, Diamantis A. Scurvy: past, present and future. Eur J Intern Med. 2011;22(2):147–152. PubMed CrossRef
  11. John W. The Surgions Mate. The First Compendium on Naval Medicine, Surgery and Drug Therapy (London 1617). Birkhauser; 1617.
  12. Shapter T. On the recent occurrence of scurvy in Exeter and the neighbourhood. Prov Med Surg J. 1847;11(11):281–285. PubMed
  13. Kinsman RA, Hood J. Some behavioral effects of ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971;24(4):455–464. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3704–3709. PubMed CrossRef
  15. Buzina R, Suboticanec K. Vitamin C and physical working capacity. Int J Vitam Nutr Res suppl. 1985;27:157–166. PubMed
  16. Plevin D, Galletly C. The neuropsychiatric effects of vitamin C deficiency: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):315. PubMed
  17. Rowe S, Carr AC. Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: a cause for concern? Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1–20. PubMed
  18. Johnston CS, Thompson LL. Vitamin C status of an outpatient population. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(4):366–370. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, et al. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1252–1263. PubMed CrossRef
  20. Hercberg S, Preziosi P, Galan P, et al. Vitamin status of a healthy French population: dietary intakes and biochemical markers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994;64(3):220–232. PubMed
  21. Malmauret L, Leblanc J, Cuvelier I, et al. Dietary intakes and vitamin status of a sample of homeless people in Paris. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(4):313–320. PubMed CrossRef
  22. Fain O, Pariés J, Jacquart B, et al. Hypovitaminosis C in hospitalized patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14(7):419–425. PubMed CrossRef
  23. Gariballa S, Forster S. Effects of acute-phase response on nutritional status and clinical outcome of hospitalized patients. Nutrition. 2006;22(7-8):750–757. PubMed CrossRef
  24. Mosdøl A, Erens B, Brunner EJ. Estimated prevalence and predictors of vitamin C deficiency within UK’s low-income population. J Public Health (Oxf). 2008;30(4):456–460. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Gan R, Eintracht S, Hoffer LJ. Vitamin C deficiency in a university teaching hospital. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(3):428–433. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Evans-Olders R, Eintracht S, Hoffer LJ. Metabolic origin of hypovitaminosis C in acutely hospitalized patients. Nutrition. 2010;26(11-12):1070–1074. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Zhang M, Robitaille L, Eintracht S, et al. Vitamin C provision improves mood in acutely hospitalized patients. Nutrition. 2011;27(5):530–533. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Gabb G, Gabb B. Scurvy not rare. Aust Fam Physician. 2015;44(7):438–440. PubMed
  29. Da Cunha DF, Cunha SF, Unamuno MR, et al. Serum levels assessment of vitamin A, E, C, B2 and carotenoids in malnourished and non-malnourished hospitalized elderly patients. Clin Nutr. 2001;20(2):167–170. PubMed CrossRef
  30. Avelino DD, Maltos AL, Portari GV, et al. Vitamin C status in hospitalized adults according to subjective global assessment method. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019;43(6):789–793. PubMed CrossRef
  31. García OP, Ronquillo D, del Carmen Caamaño M, et al. Zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin C status are associated with leptin concentrations and obesity in Mexican women: results from a cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):59. PubMed CrossRef
  32. Villalpando S, Montalvo-Velarde I, Zambrano N, et al. Vitamins A, and C and folate status in Mexican children under 12 years and women 12-49 years: a probabilistic national survey. Salud Publica Mex. 2003;45(suppl 4):S508–S519. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Hamer DH, Sempértegui F, Estrella B, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians. J Nutr. 2009;139(1):113–119. PubMed CrossRef
  34. Lam TK, Freedman ND, Fan J-H, et al. Prediagnostic plasma vitamin C and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(5):1289–1297. PubMed CrossRef
  35. Frankenfeld CL, Lampe JW, Shannon J, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to plasma nutrient concentrations in women in Shanghai, China. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(1):167–175. PubMed CrossRef
  36. Viroonudomphol D, Mahaisiriyodom A, Mingkhawn R, et al. Relationship between serum antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C and lipid profiles in priest subjects at the Priest Hospital. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(suppl 4):246–253. PubMed
  37. Ravindran RD, Vashist P, Gupta SK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin C deficiency in north and south India: a two centre population based study in people aged 60 years and over. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28588. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Nwagha UI, Iyare EE, Ejezie FE, et al. Parity related changes in obesity and some antioxidant vitamins in non-pregnant women of South-Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2012;15(4):380–384. PubMed CrossRef
  39. Kiondo P, Tumwesigye NM, Wandabwa J, et al. Plasma vitamin C assay in women of reproductive age in Kampala, Uganda, using a colorimetric method. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17(2):191–196. PubMed CrossRef
  40. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, et al. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–1795. PubMed CrossRef
  41. Kind AJH, Buckingham WR. Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible—the neighborhood atlas. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2456–2458. PubMed CrossRef
  42. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. Area Deprivation Index. Version 3.0. 2019. Accessed March 11, 2022. https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/
  43. Singh GK. Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969-1998. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1137–1143. PubMed CrossRef
  44. Kind AJH, Jencks S, Brock J, et al. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and 30-day rehospitalization: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(11):765–774. PubMed CrossRef
  45. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5-TR. Fifth Edition, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association. 2022.
  46. Nayak SM, Bari BA, Yaden DB, et al. A Bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. Psychedelic Med. 2022;1(1):18–26.
  47. Keysers C, Gazzola V, Wagenmakers EJ. Using Bayes factor hypothesis testing in neuroscience to establish evidence of absence. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23(7):788–799. PubMed CrossRef
  48. Quintana DS, Williams DR. Bayesian alternatives for common null-hypothesis significance tests in psychiatry: a non-technical guide using JASP. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):178. PubMed CrossRef
  49. Bürkner P-C. Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R Package brms. R J. 2018;10(1):395–411. CrossRef
  50. Stan Development Team. Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual. Version 2.30. 2022. https://github.com/stan-dev/stan/releases
  51. Makowski D, Ben-Shachar MS, Chen SHA, et al. Indices of effect existence and significance in the Bayesian framework. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2767. PubMed
  52. Dominique M, Ben-Shachar MS, Daniel L. bayestestR: describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4:1–18.
  53. Hodges RE, Baker EM, Hood J, et al. Experimental scurvy in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1969;22(5):535–548. PubMed CrossRef
  54. Ashor AW, Siervo M, Mathers JC. Vitamin C, Antioxidant Status, and Cardiovascular Aging in Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging. Elsevier; 2016:609–619.
  55. Adrianne B. Vitamin C Safety in Humans in Vitamin C in Health and Disease. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Marcel Dekker; 1997:367–379.
  56. Frei B, Trabe MG. The new US Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins C and E. Redox Rep. 2001;6(1):5–9. PubMed CrossRef
  57. Dipasquale S, Pariante CM, Dazzan P, et al. The dietary pattern of patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(2):197–207. PubMed CrossRef
  58. Dohrenwend BP. Socioeconomic status (SES) and psychiatric disorders: are the issues still compelling? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1990;25(1):41–47. PubMed CrossRef
  59. Allen LH. How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(2):693S–696S. PubMed CrossRef
  60. Cashman KD. Vitamin D deficiency: defining, prevalence, causes, and strategies of addressing. Calcif Tissue Int. 2020;106(1):14–29. PubMed CrossRef
  61. Carr AC, Rowe S. Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: a global health perspective. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1963. PubMed CrossRef
  62. Ridge BD, Fairhurst E, Chadwick D, et al. Ascorbic acid concentrations in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid [proceedings]. Proc Nutr Soc. 1976;35(2):57A–58A. PubMed
  63. Brown TM. Neuropsychiatric scurvy. Psychosomatics. 2015;56(1):12–20. PubMed CrossRef
  64. Mazloom Z, Ekramzadeh M, Hejazi N. Efficacy of supplementary vitamins C and E on anxiety, depression and stress in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pak J Biol Sci. 2013;16(22):1597–1600. PubMed
  65. Brody S. High-dose ascorbic acid increases intercourse frequency and improves mood: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(4):371–374. PubMed CrossRef
  66. Yosaee S, Keshtkaran Z, Abdollahi S, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on mood status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021;71:36–42. PubMed CrossRef