Rounds in the General Hospital November 10, 2022

Diagnosis and Management of Hypertensive Emergency in a Patient With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Aldis H. Petriceks, BA; Theodore A. Stern, MD

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2022;24(6):21f03154

LESSONS LEARNED AT THE INTERFACE OF MEDICINE AND PSYCHIATRY

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

  1. Elliot WJ, Varon J. Evaluation and treatment of hypertensive emergencies in adults. UpToDate website. 2020. Accessed September 14, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-treatment-of-hypertensive-emergencies-in-adults
  2. Peixoto AJ. Acute severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(19):1843–1852. PubMed CrossRef
  3. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):411–417. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Kumari R, Kapil A, Grewal V, et al. Hypertensive emergency: a look into the eye. Postgrad Med J. 2021;98(e1):140389. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Elliott WJ, Weber RR, Nelson KS, et al. Renal and hemodynamic effects of intravenous fenoldopam versus nitroprusside in severe hypertension. Circulation. 1990;81(3):970–977. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Elliott WJ. Clinical features and management of selected hypertensive emergencies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(10):587–592. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Lin MP, Liebeskind DS. Imaging of ischemic stroke. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(5, Neuroimaging):1399–1423. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Potter T, Schaefer TJ. Hypertensive encephalopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
  9. Strandgaard S, Paulson OB. Cerebral blood flow and its pathophysiology in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1989;2(6 Pt 1):486–492. PubMed CrossRef
  10. Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2019;73(5):e35–e66. PubMed CrossRef
  11. Patel KK, Young L, Howell EH, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with hypertensive urgency in the office setting. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(7):981–988. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Saguner AM, Dür S, Perrig M, et al. Risk factors promoting hypertensive crises: evidence from a longitudinal study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(7):775–780. PubMed CrossRef
  13. Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R. Hypertension crisis in the emergency department. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30(4):533–543. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Katz JN, Gore JM, Amin A, et al; STAT Investigators. Practice patterns, outcomes, and end-organ dysfunction for patients with acute severe hypertension: the Studying the Treatment of Acute hyperTension (STAT) registry. Am Heart J. 2009;158(4):599–606.e1. PubMed CrossRef
  15. Mayer SA, Kurtz P, Wyman A, et al; STAT Investigators. Clinical practices, complications, and mortality in neurological patients with acute severe hypertension: the Studying the Treatment of Acute hyperTension registry. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(10):2330–2336. PubMed CrossRef
  16. Alshami A, Romero C, Avila A, et al. Management of hypertensive crises in the elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(7):504–512. PubMed.
  17. Peacock F, Amin A, Granger CB, et al; Stat Investigators. Hypertensive heart failure: patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(8):855–862. PubMed CrossRef
  18. Campbell P, Baker WL, Bendel SD, et al. Intravenous hydralazine for blood pressure management in the hospitalized patient: its use is often unjustified. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011;5(6):473–477. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Breu AC, Axon RN. Acute treatment of hypertensive urgency. J Hosp Med. 2018;13(12):860–862. PubMed CrossRef
  20. Hamam MS, Kunjummen E, Hussain MS, et al. Anxiety, depression, and pain: considerations in the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(12):106. PubMed CrossRef
  21. Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, et al. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(1):38–46. PubMed CrossRef
  22. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):617–627. PubMed CrossRef
  23. White WB, Baker LH. Episodic hypertension secondary to panic disorder. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(6):1129–1130.  PubMed CrossRef
  24. Mann SJ. Severe paroxysmal hypertension (pseudopheochromocytoma). Curr Hypertens Rep. 2008;10(1):12–18. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Kim CH, Syed S. Hypertensive encephalopathy: a case of a male who bit off his fingers. Cureus. 2017;9(6):e1334. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Flockhart DA. Dietary restrictions and drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: an update. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(suppl 1):17–24. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Morreale MK, Wake LA. Psychiatric medications and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(11):86. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Thase ME. Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of original data from 3744 depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(10):502–508. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Stein DJ, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, et al. Associations between mental disorders and subsequent onset of hypertension. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(2):142–149. PubMed CrossRef
  30. Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJG. Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: new wave or old hat? Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(1):1–16. PubMed CrossRef
  31. Calhoun DA, Harding SM. Sleep and hypertension. Chest. 2010;138(2):434–443. PubMed CrossRef
  32. Choudhury A, Lip GYH. Exercise and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(8):585–587. PubMed CrossRef