Brief Report October 3, 2023

Exploring Therapeutic Approaches for Long COVID Neuropsychiatric Sequelae: Current Understanding and Potential Strategies

Samuel Reinfeld, DO; Michael La Sala, DO, MS

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2023;25(5):23br03592

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

  1. Wilkes S. Bupropion. Drugs Today (Barc). 2006;42(10):671–681. PubMed CrossRef
  2. Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, et al; COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;94:138–147. PubMed CrossRef
  3. Reinfeld S. Can bupropion treat COVID-19-induced brain fog? a case series. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023;38(3):189–191. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Castanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, et al. Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1473–1487. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Xia Z, DePierre JW, Nässberger L. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit IL-6, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha release in human blood monocytes and IL-2 and interferon-gamma in T cells. Immunopharmacology. 1996;34(1):27–37. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Nobile B, Durand M, Olié E, et al. The anti-inflammatory effect of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine and its high penetration in the brain might be useful to prevent the psychiatric consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:615695. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Gonzalez-Martinez A, Guerrero-Peral ÁL, Arias-Rivas S, et al. Amitriptyline for post-COVID headache: effectiveness, tolerability, and response predictors. J Neurol. 2022;269(11):5702–5709. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): a systemic review and comparison of clinical presentation and symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):418. PubMed CrossRef
  9. Pliszka AG. Modafinil: a review and its potential use in the treatment of long COVID fatigue and neurocognitive deficits. Am J Psychiatry Resid J. 2022;17(4):5–7. CrossRef
  10. Rabkin JG, McElhiney MC, Rabkin R, et al. Modafinil treatment for fatigue in HIV/AIDS: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(6):707–715. PubMed CrossRef
  11. Zager A. Modulating the immune response with the wake-promoting drug modafinil: a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:878–886. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, et al. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): a promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;61:178–184. PubMed CrossRef
  13. O’Kelly B, Vidal L, McHugh T, et al. Safety and efficacy of low dose naltrexone in a long covid cohort; an interventional pre-post study. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;24:100485. PubMed CrossRef
  14. La Sala MS, Reinfeld S, Constantino E. Treatment of long-COVID neuropsychiatric sequelae using tricyclic antidepressants: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023;43(5):458–460. PubMed CrossRef