Subthreshold Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in 3 Patients With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Subthreshold Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in 3 Patients With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Ali Çayköylü, MDa,*; Görkem KarakaÅŸ UÄŸurlu, MDa; Dicle Oymak Yenilmez, MDb; Hafize Hilal Çayköylü, MDc; and Mustafa UÄŸurlu, MDd

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disease with a prevalence of 0.5%-2.3% according to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria.1 Obsessive-compulsive symptoms that are milder, less time-consuming, and do not significantly affect functionality are defined as subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The prevalence of subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms was found to be 1.6%-6.4% in various studies.2,3

Although there are many assumptions about the etiopathogenesis of OCD, there is no consensus. However, due to advances in biochemical and imaging methods, biological explanations have attracted attention.4,5 However, some physical diseases and psychiatric disorders may include common clinical, neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors that are predisposed.6 More frequent observation of some physical diseases in OCD patients may support these neurobiological explanations.7,8

Thyroid gland diseases are associated with OCD.9,10 This relationship between thyroid diseases and OCD was first discussed in terms of changes in thyroid hormones,11 but changes in the immune system and inflammatory response were later added.12–14 Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), a disease of the thyroid gland, is the most common malignancy in the thyroid follicular epithelium.15 Although lymphatic spread to the cervical nodes can happen, the majority of patients with these tumors have an excellent long-term prognosis if properly treated.16 This case series includes 3 patients diagnosed with PTC who also had subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In these cases, the obsessive and compulsive symptoms were evaluated with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS).17 The YBOCS is a 10-item rating scale that uses a semistructured interview approach to assess the severity of obsessions and compulsions; it is the gold standard for evaluating OCD symptoms in clinical research. The cutoff point for the total score is 16.17

Case Report 1

Ms A is a 22-year-old female university student, and her complaints began 4 years ago with tension and restlessness. Over time, her complaints were joined by the concern that "something bad will happen to my relatives." When she had to use stairs, she was worried that something terrible could happen if she walked up the stairs. She also repeatedly checked the doors, windows, and furnaces. These compulsive behaviors lasted 1 hour per day; however, disturbing thoughts could last a few hours longer. These complaints did not create a significant disruption in her daily life and did not attract the attention of her social environment but were relatively uncomfortable.

The patient had previously been admitted to the outpatient psychiatric clinic, but the patient’s symptoms did not fully meet the criteria for a diagnosis of OCD. No treatment was recommended, and an informational interview was conducted. The interview involved brief psychoeducation for OCD, was performed in 1 session, and included cognitive behavioral recommendations and the following questions: What are the obsessions and compulsions? When are they considered pathological? What can be done to deal with obsessions?

These complaints fluctuated for about 2 years and increased when Ms A was stressed. Although she had been better for the 6 months, she felt the need to readmit herself to the clinic when her complaints increased for 2 weeks.

A psychiatric examination revealed suspicion obsessions in her thought content, no psychotic symptoms, and a euthymic mood. However, her affect was observed to be anxious. She scored 5 points on the YBOCS obsession subscale and 5 points on the YBOCS compulsion subscale.

In terms of medical history, she had a total thyroidectomy for PTC about 1 year ago. She has no family history of psychiatric disease. Pharmacotherapy was not recommended for this patient, and follow-ups at 3-month intervals were recommended.

Case Report 2

Ms B is a 26-year-old female college graduate. At the insistence of her family, she was admitted to the outpatient clinic with suspicion about whether she was doing her work correctly. According to these suspicions, she had been constantly rechecking her finished work. She also stated that she had difficulty making decisions, felt obliged to do various tasks in a certain order, and felt so overwhelmed when she did not follow a certain order that she had to start again. If Ms B did not begin in a certain order, she found it difficult to continue and would postpone the work. These complaints had increased in the past year but followed a fluctuating course. She did not report a significant strain in her professional or private life due to these complaints, and she had never had a psychiatric consultation before.

A psychiatric examination revealed suspicion and order obsessions, no psychotic symptoms, a mildly depressed mood, and a markedly anxious affect. During the examination, Ms B answered questions after long pauses to think. She scored 7 points on the YBOCS obsession subscale and 7 points on the YBOCS compulsion subscale.

In terms of medical history, Ms B reported that she had undergone total thyroidectomy for PTC about 2 months prior and had received radioactive iodine therapy. She has no family history of psychiatric disease. Pharmacotherapy was not recommended for this patient, and follow-ups at 3-month intervals were recommended.

Case Report 3

Mr C is a 50-year-old male high school graduate. He was referred for psychiatric examination by an endocrinologist. His serious thoughts about completing things always kept his mind busy. In addition, he was constantly rechecking his belongings, the accounts at his workplace, and whether he had put his cigarette out. These complaints have lasted for 20 years and have caused difficulties from time to time in his daily life, but they have never prevented him from doing his work. He has needed no treatment until now and has received no feedback from close relatives or friends.

A psychiatric examination revealed suspicion and order obsessions, no psychotic symptoms, and a euthymic mood. His affect was observed to be anxious. The YBOCS obsession subscale score was 5 points, and the YBOCS compulsion subscale score was 7 points.

Mr C has been using T4 medication for the last 2 years to treat hypothyroidism, which had caused hypertension, joint pain, fatigue, and weight gain. He benefited from this treatment, and these physical complaints were reduced. However, 1 week ago, a suspected nodule was detected in a thyroid ultrasonography. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on the thyroid tissue and revealed a "multinodular goiter based on chronic thyroiditis" along with PTC. His screening test results were as follows: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = 5.56 mIU/L, free T3 = 3.24 ng/dL, free T4 = 1.52 ng/dL, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO) = 217.1 IU/mL, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-TG) = 1,641 IU/mL, and calcitonin < 2 ng/L. A decision was made to reevaluate this patient after treatment for PTC (probably thyroidectomy).

The immune system plays an essential role in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. This relationship attracted attention when children developed OCD symptoms after group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections, which involved a cross-reaction between streptococcal antibodies and basal ganglia.18-20 Another critical factor in the development of OCD is the inflammatory response. The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical pathway, which is thought to be responsible for the etiopathogenesis of OCD, has shown increased inflammation in OCD patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the levels of inflammation were correlated with the difficulty associated with resistance to compulsions.21

Many diseases affect the immune and inflammatory response, and some have been shown to be accompanied by OCD symptoms.22 Thyroid diseases may be associated with both immune/inflammatory response and OCD symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in thyroid diseases are observed 1.4 times more than in the general population.7 Although there are different results regarding the relationship between OCD symptoms and thyroid diseases, it has been shown that OCD symptoms are high in both autoimmune thyroiditis and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases.10,23 Thyroid hormone changes and immune/inflammatory changes in thyroid diseases may be associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.11,24 In a study25 of the relationship between OCD and cancer, it was demonstrated that some types of cancer are more common in OCD patients than in the general population. This study suggests that the relationship between OCD and cancer may be explained secondary to a paraneoplastic syndrome and also may be due to surveillance bias. Thyroid carcinomas also can be affected by inflammation such as other types of cancer, by cytokines and chemokines, or by modulating inflammation.26,27

Click figure to enlarge

In our 3 cases, suspicion obsessions and control compulsions dominate the presentations. Systemic inflammation due to various reasons (including papillary thyroid carcinoma) has been shown to lead to changes in glucose utilization in the insula, which is a risk-processing center and is thought to play a role in suspected obsessions.28,29

The relationship between subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms and PTC can be explained by either common pathogenesis (eg, genetic) or possible systemic-neurobiological changes (such as inflammation or paraneoplastic syndrome) secondary to PTC (Figure 1). Extensive research on the relationship between malignant diseases of the thyroid and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms will shed light on the validity of these observations. If such studies support the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and PTC, it may be recommended that patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms be monitored for PTC or patients with PTC be screened for obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Published online: January 23, 2020.

Potential conflicts of interest: None.

Funding/support: None.

Patient consent: Consent was obtained from each patient to publish the case reports, and information has been de-identified to protect anonymity.

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